
From July 1 to 8, I attended the International Symposium on Organic Process Philosophy, Chinese Traditional Culture, and Ecological Civilization and the 18th Process Summer Academy, hosted by Zhejiang Normal University. This was my second time joining this annual gathering, following our participation the previous year in the 17th International Symposium and Summer Academy on Process Philosophy in Zhuhai, organized by the Center for Whitehead Studies of Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College.
1. Why I Returned to the Process Summer Academy?
Twice now, I have devoted seven or eight days to this event—a clear sign of my deep commitment to it. Process philosophy holds that the essence of the universe is not a material substance, but pure, interrelated experience: a ceaseless, creative process with creativity as its primary principle. This cosmology challenges the prevailing materialist worldview and resonates profoundly with the traditions of Taoism, Confucianism, and Buddhism in the East.
Yet it is also a philosophy that evolved entirely within the Western scientific and philosophical tradition. Alfred North Whitehead (1861–1947), its chief architect, was born nearly half a century after Karl Marx. Whereas Marx lived in an age dominated by Newtonian physics, Whitehead’s lifetime coincided with the emergence of electromagnetic theory, relativity, and quantum physics.
Whitehead was not only a philosopher but also one of the most distinguished mathematicians and logicians of the twentieth century. Together with his student Bertrand Russell—also a mathematician and philosopher—he co-authored Principia Mathematica, one of the most influential works in the history of mathematics. In The Principle of Relativity (1922), he critiqued Einstein’s theory of relativity and proposed an alternative.
After retiring from the University of London at age 63, Whitehead was invited to Harvard University as Professor of Philosophy, entering a remarkably productive phase in metaphysics. During his Harvard years he authored Science and the Modern World (1925), Process and Reality (1929), and Adventures of Ideas (1933), works that laid the foundations of process philosophy.
At the outset of Process and Reality, Whitehead stated unequivocally that the philosophy he sought to construct was speculative philosophy, whose aim was “to frame a coherent, logical, necessary system of general ideas in terms of which every element of our experience can be interpreted.”
Speculative philosophy, as he saw it, stood in contrast to analytic philosophy, which confines itself to the analysis of language and formal logic, avoiding engagement with the nature of human experience and the cosmos. In the analytic view, all thought about the nature of the universe is unverifiable speculation and therefore meaningless; if philosophy has any function, it is limited to linguistic analysis—or, in Wittgenstein’s famous words, “Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent.”
Whitehead disagreed. Humanity, he argued, is inevitably compelled to think systematically about the nature of the universe. This is not only necessary but unavoidable. There are no “pure facts” independent of a cosmological framework; every “fact” we perceive reflects the cosmology we hold. To avoid being trapped in outdated or rigid thinking, we must continually reflect upon our worldview (Process and Reality, pp. 14–15).
For me, process philosophy is like warm, brilliant sunlight, illuminating with unprecedented clarity the deep structures of both the material and spiritual worlds—and revealing that those structures are, in essence, the same. Here, “structure” is a metaphor: more precisely, it is about relations and processes. There are no fixed structures, only the ceaselessly unfolding and transforming web of relations and processes.
In coming to understand Whitehead’s process philosophy, I realized that my own background had given me certain advantages. My doctoral research in legal philosophy had already convinced me that the essence of life—or “human nature”—is a question that has been reinterpreted throughout history and remains open to further exploration. This awareness gave me both the courage and openness to face a question that most people might never consciously engage with.
Shortly after completing my doctorate, I was diagnosed with lymphoma. That diagnosis provided a powerful motivation to put philosophical reflection into direct practice. The turning point came when I encountered Taoist meditation techniques and experienced the improvement in my health brought about by the flow and circulation of qi. This led me to contemplate more deeply the relationship between body and mind, and to ask how far they could be transformed into one another through sustained meditation.
Once my experience of qi reached a certain depth, high-level dialogue and reflection on questions about the nature of the universe and life itself would trigger an intense surge of inner energy. This in itself was healing, integrative, and developmental—indeed, essential to maintaining the ongoing health and growth of life.
On the first day of the seminar, Professor Guo Haipeng, Director of the Center for Whitehead Study at Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, gave a talk on Whitehead’s The Function of Reason. His presentation offered compelling evidence for the very point I had long intuited: that reason is indispensable for meditation and for the continual growth and evolution of life. I will return to this topic later.
This is also why I returned to the summer academy. To pursue meditation in depth over the long term, one cannot limit oneself to Taoist, Confucian, or Buddhist traditions alone. It is necessary to step outside those frameworks and adopt a more universal conceptual structure—one capable of bridging the spiritual and material worlds and of being applied across all scientific fields. So far, process philosophy is the most expansive, systematic, and rigorous framework I have found that aims to account for the whole of human experience.
To truly master process philosophy, one cannot simply listen to its principles once and be done. Unlike technical fields such as physics or law, philosophy—especially process philosophy—aims to account for the entirety of human experience: sensory, intellectual, aesthetic, moral, and religious. Studying it requires deliberate, meticulous awareness and reflection on all these domains of experience. When we do this, our capacity to experience the world is transformed and elevated; our intellectual, aesthetic, moral, and even sensory capacities grow.
At the opening of the seminar, Professor Jay McDaniel, Director of the Center for Process Studies in the United States, said in his video greeting:
“Process thought matters because it shows us how we live within—not outside of—a living Earth and a living Universe, in which there is something like life, energy, or qi at every level of existence. It invites us to recognize that we are participants in a vast web of becoming, interconnected with all other beings. “ and “Chinese traditions remind us that knowledge is not just a matter of logic or abstraction, but also of intuition, embodied practice, and reverent attention to the patterns of heaven, earth, and human life.” In this respect, process thought and Chinese tradition are in profound harmony.
This means that studying process philosophy is like engaging in the Taoist, Confucian, or Buddhist path: it requires the unity of knowledge and action, bringing about the ongoing transformation of life. My own decade-long meditation practice, rooted in these traditions, has made me feel this deeply. Even the most basic concepts in process philosophy—“actual entity,” “prehension,” “concrescence”—require repeated reflection and discussion. Intellectual exchange of this kind stimulates the deeper unfolding of my inner energy.
Equally important are the people one interacts with, the environment, and the atmosphere. The study of process philosophy transforms life, and transformation happens through interaction—with others and with the world. This, in turn, transforms others and the world. In philosophical study, explanation and transformation are inseparable.
The faculty at this seminar represented the highest level of process philosophy research in China, along with scholars from other countries, academics from different universities, and professionals from diverse fields. It was a rare opportunity to explore the full range of topics in process philosophy, reflect on their relevance to China and the world today, meet like-minded people, and achieve transformation in body and mind—while contributing to a better world.
Among the faculty, Dr. Wang Zhihe—Executive Director of the China Project at the Center for Process Studies in the United States and Executive President of the Institute for Postmodern Development of China—stands out as the first person, since 1949, to reintroduce Whitehead’s process philosophy into China and give it wide social influence. Together with Dr. Fan Meijun, he has worked tirelessly to “bring Whitehead home,” making outstanding contributions to advancing process studies and ecological civilization in China. They have done more than merely promote process philosophy; they have created a host of new concepts grounded in organic process thinking, such as the “Second Enlightenment,” “Chinese Harmonism,” “Chinese Process Zen,” “Earth-Honoring Education,” “Holistic Education,” and “Dao-Democracy.”
Other distinguished faculty included:
- Professor Wang Kun, Dean of the School of Marxism at Zhejiang Normal University, author of Whitehead and the First Handshake with Chinese Philosophy and A Comparative Study of Zhu Xi and Whitehead’s Philosophy.
- Professor Guo Haipeng, Dean of the School of General Education and Director of the Center for Whitehead Studey at Beijing Normal University–Hong Kong Baptist University United International College.
- Professor Yang Fubin, Dean of the School of Liberal Arts, Guangzhou Nanfang College, translator of Whitehead’s Process and Reality and Alfred North Whitehead: The Man and His Work.
- Professor Yang Li, doctoral supervisor at the School of Education Science, Harbin Normal University, with deep expertise in applying process philosophy to education.
International participants included American process philosopher Professor Paul Custodio Bube, Emeritus Professor of Lyon College, whose research focuses on ethics, process thought and ecological civilization; and Professor Justin Heinzekehr, Director of Institutional Research and Assessment at Goshen College and co-author of Organic Marxism, specializing in process philosophy in relation to political philosophy and religious studies. From South Korea came Dr. Yunjeong Han, Dr. Youngjoon Kim, and Dr. Jungeun Park of the Korean Institute for Ecological Civilization, all focusing on process philosophy and ecological civilization.
I was also delighted to meet Chris Hughes, my classmate from the 2024 online Certificate Program in Process Thought and Practice at the Cobb Institute in the U.S. A British native who later immigrated to Canada, Chris became Director of the Cobb Institute’s Certificate Program in 2025. His grandfather taught Chinese philosophy at Oxford University, and both his parents spent their childhood in China. This was his first visit to the country, and he was thrilled that process philosophy had rekindled his family’s historical ties with China.
Over eight days, the seminar featured some thirty lectures and presentations on topics ranging from the fundamental concepts and theories of process philosophy to the function of reason; from Whitehead’s view of the relationship between life and non-life to comparisons with Zhu Xi’s philosophy; from the history of process philosophy’s entry into China to its intersections with law, politics, ethics, and ecological civilization. Compared with the 2024 Zhuhai academy, this year’s program was broader, with valuable extensions into law, political science, and ethics. I can only hope that future academies will expand further into physics, biology, medicine, mathematics, economics, and the arts, as well as into dialogues between process philosophy and Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.
The inclusion of three Korean scholars this year—alongside Chinese and American participants—was another important development, giving us insight into how process philosophy is being received and applied in South Korea’s cultural and social context.
2. The Function of Reason
As I noted earlier, process philosophy aims to provide a unified intellectual framework for understanding all human knowledge and experience—including the nature of the universe and life. Achieving such a goal demands careful, detailed examination. Yet understanding is not merely an intellectual exercise; genuine understanding requires the engagement of the whole person—body and mind—bringing about transformation and growth.
This raises a fundamental question: What is the function of reason?
Since beginning my meditation practice in early 2013 for self-healing, I have believed that meditation—though traditionally tied to Buddhist and Taoist religious contexts and emphasizing teacher–student transmission—should also be open to scientific and rational study. I resolved not to follow any single teacher but to approach the practice academically, combining direct experience with wide reading, steadily deepening my understanding.
This attitude departs sharply from traditional perceptions of meditation, which often hold that it bypasses reason altogether, relying solely on direct intuition.
In this academy, Professor Guo Haipeng’s lecture, The Function of Reason and the Doctrine of the Mean, introduced the central ideas of Whitehead’s 1929 book The Function of Reason. His discussion thrilled me, for it confirmed my long-held conviction that reason is indispensable to meditation and to the continual evolution of life—while offering a deeper philosophical foundation for that belief.
Whitehead observed that history reveals two universal trends. One is a slow, natural decline, in which vitality steadily weakens. The other is the upward trajectory of biological evolution. Reason, he argued, is the self-discipline of the originative element in history; without it, the originative element is anarchic. For Whitehead, the highest role of reason is to promote the art of life.
He rejected the idea that “survival of the fittest” alone could explain evolution. That view depicts life as merely adapting passively to environmental change. In reality, animals also act upon and transform their environments. The more advanced the organism, the greater its capacity for such transformation. Whitehead saw life as driven by three impulses:
- To live
- To live well
- To live better
The universe, then, contains two opposing tendencies: toward extinction (entropy increase, disorder) and toward ascent (entropy decrease, order), the latter propelled by a mysterious impulse to raise its energy. This implies the presence of a final cause—a purpose embedded in the very fabric of reality.
Reason is our response to this upward-driving purpose. It operates in two forms: practical reason, evolved over millions of years to solve concrete problems in animal behavior; and speculative reason, which emerged around 6,000 years ago with the maturation of Greek logic and mathematics, eventually integrating with practical reason.
For Whitehead, the highest task of reason is to construct a unified system of explanation—a cosmology—that integrates all sciences and all human experience. Its aim is not merely to maintain stability but to promote progress. Speculative reason must both respect the authority of facts and transcend current empirical analysis, making genuine progress and evolution possible.
As he put it, reason is the force that transforms entropy into evolution, ensuring that the universe’s downward trend ultimately encounters humanity’s strong resistance toward upward ascent. The challenge facing civilization lies in balancing speculative and practical reason— to embrace rigorous inquiry while resisting dogmatism.
Over nearly thirteen years of meditation, my experience of the flow and circulation of qi has deepened continually. Without question, qi is the foundation of physical and mental balance and health. The deeper one’s experience of qi, the greater the integration of body and mind—and the more resilient one becomes.
In Whitehead’s metaphysics, the universe is not made of inert matter but of “drops of experience.” He called these actual entities—usually translated in Chinese as “现实实有.” I prefer to translate the term as “动子”(dongzi ), paralleling scientific and philosophical concepts such as “原子(atom)” “电子(electron)” and “单子(monad)” that likewise denote fundamental units of reality.
Actual entities possess a capacity akin to feeling. Life can feel because the actual entities composing it can feel. Each has both a physical pole and a mental pole, and in seeking its own satisfaction, it “prehends” other experiences, evolving in the process. This resonates with Taoism’s view of qi as the universe’s essence and with the yin–yang account of its movement.
Like Aristotle, Whitehead affirmed the existence of a final cause driving all change. In my view, this final cause arises as a result of the fact that all actual entities are one and mutually immanent. This oneness and mutual immanency exist initially only as possibility. It’s the inner yearning of actual entities to turn this possibility into actuality — a process that brings satisfaction and joy and fuels the continual evolution of life.
Life, therefore, cannot remain in a static state. The affirmation of a final cause implies an eternal call from the universe. To remain healthy and vibrant, we must be aware of and respond to this call. The function of reason is precisely to perceive and respond to this ultimate purpose, and in this course balance the physical and mental poles, that is, body and mind, through thoughtful discernment.
Therefore, analytical judgment—mathematics being the clearest example—is only part of reason’s function. Its deeper role is to attune us to the ultimate driving force of existence, guiding all life, and especially human life, toward the full realization of its potential.
Two important quotes from Taoism and Confucianism are relevant here. One is Chapter 42 of The Dao De Jing:“The Dao gives birth to One, One gives birth to Two, Two gives birth to Three, and Three gives birth to the ten thousand things. The ten thousand things carry yin and yang, and achieve harmony through the mediation of qi.” And the other one is the famous paragraph inThe Doctrine of the Mean: ”Only through true sincerity can one fulfil one’s true nature; when one fulfills one’s true nature, one can understand the human nature in general; when one understands the human nature in general, one can understand the nature of all things; when one understands the nature of all things, one can participate in the creative work of the cosmos; when one can participate in the creative work of the cosmos, one is equal to the cosmos. ” Both resonate powerfully with Whitehead’s thought.
Among the world’s great spiritual traditions, Taoism and Confucianism were likely the least familiar to Whitehead. He had no knowledge of meditation practice based on the cosmology and view of life of Taoism and Confucianism and centered on the circulation of qi.
Yet starting from mathematics, and drawing upon a lifetime of engagement with Western science and philosophy, Whitehead arrived at a cosmology that aligns strikingly with that of Taoism and Confucianism. Moreover, he extended and clarified the insights of Taoism and Confucianism through the unique precision of speculative reason. When Taoist and Confucian wisdom—rooted in direct intuition of life—is confirmed by the rigorous analysis of process philosophy, the boundary between material and spiritual dissolves completely. This greatly strengthens our confidence that life can be freed from the endless cycle of birth, sickness, aging, and death, and deepens our resolve to pursue the path of personal cultivation.
3. Ecological Civilization: A New Form of Civilization Based on the Process Cosmology and View of Life
At this summer academy, Dr. Yunjeong Han from South Korea delivered a lecture titled Whitehead’s Thought on Life and Lifeless. She argued from another angle that life—not lifeless—is the true essence of the universe.
In Modes of Thought (1938), Whitehead rejected the traditional dualism separating life from lifeless. Even lifeless objects such as rocks, he claimed, are composed of the most primitive forms of life, evolving over long periods through their interaction with the environment. Life and lifeless are not strictly divided but form a continuum; life simply possesses a greater capacity for self-regulation and experience.
If even rocks are full of vitality, why then do human bodies decline, decompose, and die? The answer, I believe, lies in our failure to observe ourselves deeply, to study humanity’s intellectual and spiritual heritage thoroughly, and to apply our reason courageously—asserting the judgments formed through rigorous observation and analysis.
During the academy, Professor Wang Kun recalled that the Chinese philosopher Zhang Junmai (1887–1969) greatly admired Whitehead and even visited him in the United States in 1946, when Whitehead was 85 (he died in 1947). Unfortunately, by then Whitehead’s mind had already slowed.
This reminded me of Kant, who obviously had dementia in his later years, as well as the renowned German jurist Reinhold Zippelius, whose books I translated (Introduction to Law, Methodology of Law, and Philosophy of Law). I have long admired Zippelius’s integrative vision, but when I visited him in Erlangen in 2019, at age 91, his memory and thinking had already declined significantly.
I do not believe that aging and death are humanity’s inescapable fate. Process philosophy may well be the most brilliant gem in the history of Western thought. With irrefutable rigor, Whitehead demonstrated that eternal creativity and evolution are the essence of the universe—a view entirely consistent with the Yijing and with Taoist and Confucian traditions.
Today, the most prominent application of process philosophy is in the movement for ecological civilization—a movement born in response to the ecological crisis, and one of the central themes of this academy.
In her opening video address, Dr. Fan Meijun, Director of the China Project at the Center for Process Studies, Dean of Cobb Eco-Academy, and co-founder of the Global Alliance for Ecological Education, remarked:
“Three hundred years ago, Descartes’ cogito ergo sum set the rational framework of modernity, placing humanity on a path of separation from nature. Today, in a time of ecological crisis and civilizational disorientation, we urgently need a new philosophy—one centered on ‘experience, relationship, becoming, and harmony’—to guide us toward a sustainable future and to create a new form of civilization: ecological civilization. The encounter between Chinese traditional philosophy and process philosophy is not an accident, but a deep resonance… Chinese philosophy has long advocated ‘the unity of Heaven and humanity,’ ‘unceasing generation,’ and ‘harmony without uniformity,’ valuing wholeness, becoming, and relationship. Whitehead’s process philosophy, with its rigorous logic, explains that ‘to exist is to become, and relationships are reality,’ likewise rejecting dualism and static thinking.… More importantly, the two do not merely resemble one another; they complete one another. Chinese philosophy needs the contemporary expression of process philosophy to meet present challenges and participate in building ecological civilization, while process philosophy needs the nourishment of Eastern wisdom to expand its cultural depth and vitality.”
Dr. Fan’s remarks captured with great clarity the shared vision, wisdom, and spiritual core of Chinese traditional culture and process philosophy, as well as their complementarity in providing a philosophical foundation for ecological civilization.
Yet ecological civilization is often misunderstood as solely a matter of the human–nature relationship—something relevant only to those whose environments are directly threatened by climate change or pollution, or to especially altruistic environmentalists. In fact, both Chinese traditional culture and process philosophy speak not only to our relationship with nature, but also to our relationships with one another, and with the very being of our own. They address our understanding of the very essence of the universe and of life.
From an ecological perspective, humans and the plants, animals, soil, rivers, lakes, oceans, mountains, air, and sunlight around them form an ecosystem. But our inner world—cells, microorganisms, bodily fluids, organs, bones, hair—are no less an ecosystem in their own right. The inner ecosystem and the outer natural ecosystem are relatively distinct yet intimately connected, forming one whole. The wisdom of the Confucian and Taoist traditions, like that of process philosophy, applies equally to the macro-ecosystem outside us and the micro-ecosystem within.
If we understand the external ecological system as fundamentally non-material—constituted by experience and relationship, with creativity as its primary principle—why should our own body–mind be any different?
To truly grasp the wisdom of Chinese traditional culture and process philosophy, and to appreciate the full importance of ecological civilization, we must return to close observation of our own body–mind. We must learn to perceive the non-material nature of our own bodies, to sense the spontaneous coordination among our cells, tissues, and organs, and to recognize in ourselves an innate capacity for self-repair, healing, and integration. This is how we come to understand the universe itself as a ceaseless, creative process—a foundational truth shared by both the Confucian–Taoist tradition and process philosophy.
Compared with process philosophy, the Yijing, Taoism, and Confucianism have historically applied their cosmology more directly to individual life and daily practice. Chinese cuisine, medicine, qigong, tai chi, music, calligraphy, painting, moral custom, and even approaches to education, politics, and economics all reflect a lived cosmology and view of life. Process philosophy’s advantage lies in its speculative power, drawing together different branches of science, such as mathematics, physics, biology, etc., and the Western religious and philosophical heritage. If Chinese cosmology leans toward intuition and practice, process philosophy leans toward theory and speculation. Their complementarity could not be more natural.
This complementarity is not merely mutual affirmation, nor a simple sum of parts. Process philosophy offers rational validation for the Confucian–Taoist organic cosmology and integrates it with the frontiers of science. This strengthens the confidence of those traditions in life and enhances the practice of cultivation. In turn, the Confucian–Taoist emphasis on practice allows process philosophy’s theoretical framework to be tested, refined, and expanded through lived experience. Any philosophy, however elegant, that cannot guide and be tested by practice is destined to lose vitality.
We can therefore envision, with optimism, that when millennia of Confucian–Taoist life practice meet the speculative brilliance of process philosophy—augmented by the scientific and social advances of our age—human history will enter a new phase of awakening, from the individual to society as a whole.
In this process, each person’s affirmation of, confidence in, and passion for life—and the recognition that individual life cannot flourish in isolation but depends on a network of meaning sustained by all life—will ensure that humility, compassion, kindness, friendship, openness, cooperation, creativity, and initiative prevail over arrogance, indifference, fear, violence, hatred, competition, complacency, and self-enclosure. This is humanity’s truest and most enduring hope.
On such a foundation, every field of human knowledge and every institution—science, law, politics, ethics, education, medicine, art, religion, economics, industry, agriculture, finance—can be reinterpreted and rebuilt to serve the sacred work of leading both the individual and the human community toward freedom, prosperity, and peace.
— Jin Zhenbao, PhD, Process Healer, Founder of the Shenzhen Actual Entity Meditation Healing Center


















